Social Perception, and Attribution, and Individual Decision Making

Social Perception, and attribution, and Individual Decision Making Perception is the process of receiving information about and making sense of world just about us. It involves deciding which information notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it within the framework of existing knowledge. Another definition of perception is A process by which individuals gussy up and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.We butt summarize the perception with this sentence We dont see the things as they are, we see things as we are. Why is perception important in the study of Organizational Behaviour? Simply because peoples demeanour is establish on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. Virtually all management activities rely on perception.In appraising performance, managers use their perceptions of an employees behaviour as a fundament for evaluation. Factors that influence perception are categorized to three groups 1)Factors in the perceiver Attitudes, Motives, Interests, Experience, Expectations 2)Factors in the situation Time, Work mountain, Social Setting 3)Factors in the target Novelty, Motion, Sounds, Size, Background, Proximity, Similarity Shortcuts used in judging others )Selective Perception a characteristic that consider someone stand out in our theme will increase the probability that it will be perceived 2)Halo Effect drawing a general impression based on a individual(a) characteristic 3)Contrast Effects our re natural action is influenced by others we have recently encountered 4)Projection the tendency to attribute our own characteristics to other people 5)Stereotyping judging someone on the basis of our perception of the group to which they belong Attribution in OrganizationsAttribution simply refers to how a person explains the cause of anothers or his or her own behaviour. Attribution thus is the most relevant application of perception concepts of organizational behaviour-the issue of person perception. The attributions or inferred causes we provide for behaviour have important implications in organizations. In explaining the causes of employee performance, good or bad, we are asked to explain the behaviour that was the basis for the performance.Attribution Theory suggests that when we observe an individuals behaviour, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or outwardly caused Internally believed to be under the personal control of the individual Externally resulting from outside causes. Determinants of Attribution Distinctiveness whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situations. Consensus if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way. Consistency does the person respond the same way over time.Individual Decision Making Individuals in organizations make decisions. That is, they make choices from among two or more alternatives. Decision-making is almost universally defined as choosin g between alternatives. Decision-making is a critical activity in the lives of managers. The decisions a manager faces can range from very simple, routine matters for which the manager has an established decision rule(programmed decisions) to new and complex decisions that require creative solutions(non-programmed decisions). Decision-Making ProcessManagers have to make decisions whether they are simple or extremely complex. Making a good decision is a difficult exercise. It is the product of deliberation, evaluation and thought. To make good decisions, managers should invariably follow a serial set of steps. 1)recognize the problem and need for a decision 2)identify the objective of the decision 3)gather and evaluate data and diagnose the situation 4)list and evaluate alternatives 5)select the best course of action 6)implement the decision 7)gather feedback 8)follow up